🛣 PDAs in Anchor

Now you’re rocking. Let’s take this to 11.

In this lesson we’ll go over how use #[account(...)] attribute with the following constraints:

• seeds and bump - to initialize and validate PDAs
• realloc - to reallocate space on an account
• close - to close an account

🛣 PDAs in Anchor

Recall that PDAs are derived using a list of optional seeds, a bump seed, and a programId. Anchor provides a convenient way to validate a PDA with the seeds and bump constraints.

During account validation, Anchor will derive a PDA using the seeds specified in the seeds constraint and verify that the account passed into the instruction matches the PDA found using the specified seeds.

When the bump constraint is included without specifying a specific bump, Anchor will default to using the canonical bump (the first bump that results in a valid PDA).

In this example, the seeds and bump constraints are used to validate that the address of the pda_account is the expected PDA.

The seeds used derive the PDA include:

The seeds used derive the PDA include:

• example_seed - a hardcoded string value
• user.key() - the public key of the account passed in as the user
• instruction_data - the instruction data passed into the instruction.
• You can access instruction data using the #[instruction(...)] attribute.

• When using the #[instruction(...)] attribute, the instruction data must be in the order that was passed into the instruction.
• You can omit all arguments after the last one you need.

An error would result if the inputs were listed in a different order:

You can combine the init constraint with the seeds and bump constraints to initialize an account using a PDA.

The init constraint must be used in combination with:

• payer - account specified to pay for the initialization
• space - space allocated to new account
• system_program - the init constraint requires system_program to exist in the account validation struct

By default init sets the owner of the created account to the currently executing program.

• When using init with seeds and bump to initialize an account using a PDA, the owner must be the executing program.
• This is because creating an account requires a signature for which only the PDAs of the executing program can provide
• (i.e. the signature verification for the initialization of the PDA account would fail if the programId used to derive the PDA did not match the programId of the executing program).
• The bump value does not need to be specified since init uses find_program_address to derive the PDA.
• This means that the PDA will be derived using the canonical bump.
• When allocating space for an account initialized and owned by the executing Anchor program, remember that the first 8 bytes are reserved for a unique account discriminator that Anchor calculates and uses to identify the program account types.

🧮 Realloc

More often than creating new accounts, you'll be updating existing ones. Anchor has the awesome realloc constraint that provides a simply way to reallocate space for existing accounts.

The realloc constraint must be used in combination with:

• mut - the account must be set as mutable
• realloc::payer - the account to subtract or add lamports to depending on whether the reallocation is decreasing or increasing account space
• realloc::zero - boolean to specify if new memory should be zero initialized
• system_program - the realloc constraint requires system_program to exist in the account validation struct

For example, reallocate space for an account that stores a data field of type String.

• When using String types, an addition 4 bytes of space is used to store the length of the String in addition to the space allocated for the String itself.
• If the change in account data length is additive, lamports will be transferred from the realloc::payer into the program account in order to maintain rent exemption.
• If the change is subtractive, lamports will be transferred from the program account back into the realloc::payer.
• The realloc::zero constraint is required in order to determine whether the new memory should be zero initialized after reallocation.
• This constraint should be set to true in cases where you are expanding the space on an account that has previously been reduced.

❌ Close

What happens when you're done with an account and don't want it to exist? You can close it!

This lets you free up space and you get the SOL paid for rent back!

This is done using the close constraint:

• The close constraint marks the account as closed at the end of the instruction’s execution by setting its discriminator to the CLOSED_ACCOUNT_DISCRIMINATOR and sends its lamports to a specified account.
• Setting the discriminator to a special variant makes account revival attacks (where a subsequent instruction adds the rent exemption lamports again) impossible.
• We are closing the data_account and sending the lamports allocated for rent to the receiver account.
• However, currently anyone can call the close instruction and close the data_account

• The has_one constraint can be used to check that an account passed into the instruction matched one stored on data field of an account
• You must use the naming convention on the data field of the account you are using the has_one constraint to check against
• To use has_one = receiver:
• the data of the account to check against be have a receiver field
• the account name in the #[derive(Accounts)] struct must also be called receiver
• Note that using with the close constraint is just an example and the has_one constraint can be used more generally